نشریه جامعه شناسی تاریخی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

This paper examines the characteristics and vulnerabilities of the second Pahlavi and its role in the revolutionary mobilization. The main question of the paper is that: what are the characteristics and vulnerabilities of the Shah's government that led to the revolutionary mobilization? To answer this question, document analysis has been used that is a kind of qualitative research. By this method, documents including books, articles and dissertations have been investigated. Therefore, in this paper, the combination of state–centric theories including the theories of independence of state, capabilities of state, political opportunities of state, and construction of state were used to develop a model to explain the status of the Pahlavi state and also its vulnerabilities, and also its relation to revolutionary mobilization. The findings showed that the most important vulnerabilities of Pahlavi state include independence of the Pahlavi rentire state from the social classes, discapabilities of the state in policy making, bureaucratic weakness of the state institutions, state monopolies, and vulnerabilities resulting from modernization, and roforms, which in combination with each other led to the revolutionary mobilization.

The aim of this paper is to understand youth representation in popular cinema after the Islamic Revolution with comparison of two periods of reform (1997 - 2005) and fundamentalism (2005 – 2010). To achieve this goal, the advent of cinema, popular cinema and cinema as a mass communication has been studied. In the following, the theories of representation, semiotic, Stuart Hall's coding theory, and theories of young people would be discussed. Finally, a conceptual framework is presented based on the representation theory and Hebdige's view about the representation of youth. Semiotics is the method of the present paper that is based on Selby and Cowberry’s patterns for analysis of the technical codes, and the patterns validity and semiotics of Barth for analysis of cultural codes. By focusing on these patterns, the three movies from Reform period (Under the City's Skin & Party & Me, Taraneh, I Am Taraneh, I Am Fifteen Years Old) and three movies from Fundamentalism period (Tambourine & About Elly & Pay Back) have been chosen purposefully to be studied and analyzed. In addition, at the end of every chosen scene from these movies, we explain for more understanding by using the considerate codes of Fiske. The results indicated that popular films (the movies with top selling) at these two periods are representing the different vision of young people. In each of these two periods, the conflicting references have been seen to word the young people. At the Reform period, young people have been shown by some concepts like "adherence to the structure", "hope for the future", "self-confidentce", "audacity", "accountability", "idealism", "law-abiding", and "democracy and freedom". In opposite, at the Fundamentalism period, young people have been represented as "anarchist", "show-off", "no Identity", "antisocial", "confused between tradition and Modernity", "lawbreaker", and "risk-taker". Therefore, we can say that about the representation of young people at the Fundamentalism period, kinds of media panic in the popular cinema have been exposed.

Dispute over the succession of the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) is prelude to scatter that reached a peak with the murder of Uthman and the civil war in Imam Ali’ period. Accordingly, the research issue consists of identifying the sects of political thought throughout the history of Islam, which have theorized about the governing. Questions: 1 - In terms of textual, which sects were in cluded in the thought of Muslims about the caliphate, were? 2- Considering the political - social conditions (external fields), what periods has passed the political thought in the Muslim world? Hypothesis: using the historical - analytical approach and by adopting Skinner's methodology, the Muslims political thought can be divided into two periods: traditional and modern. In terms of textual, three main groups were distinguished in the traditional period: A- Kharijites, B- Shiite and C- Sunni. From the perspective of context, four stages can be identified: A) the stage of theological disputes, B) the stage of the genesis of jurisprudence-theological schools, C) the stage of the consolidation of jurisprudence-theological schools, D) the stage of post-Abbasid. This research attempts to identify the extesionaliy of Imam or Caliph befor each sect, and tasks of the Imam, as well as the concepts associated with that.

In recent decades, literary works have been considered as one of the important parts of documents, which is an analyzable part by sociologists for studying about the society, culture and politics. “Sayyed Ashraf Guilani”, with the nickname of ’’Nasim-e Shomal’’ - who has a newspaper with this name- has had a great role in the brightness of Mashroteh period. Sayyed Ashraf has many poems about the events of Mashrooteh. In this study, it has been tried to show the way of reflecting the sociological and political works of Mashrooteh period in the poems’ of Sayyed Ashraf with a literal sociology way and also using the general asterisks of Exchange Theory of Peter Blau. For using this theory, which is a compact of the sociological behaviorism and sociological realities, first of all, different aspects of the Mashrooteh period’s poems, Sayyed Ashraf’s poems from the beginning of Mashrooteh to the beginning of Reza Khan period autarchy kingdom are been investigated. Then thesy poems has been divided into three groups: 1- criticism, interchangeable poems, 2- organizing, veneration poems, and 3- cognizance poems. The last aim of this study is to analyze the effect of Sayyed Ashraf on Mashrooteh movement based on the sociological theories to show the completed stretchers of unity between the revolutionaries and the people in Mashrooteh period.

In this article, the aspect of participatory decision-making in the constitution is considered based on the kind of action and relationship. Accordingly, the research focused on the parties of the second national assembly, which did not proceed towards constructive negotiations even in the first step of decision making (i.e. conflict resolution). Therefore, the “disarmament conflict”, or “Atabak Park” case, was chosen, and the reactions of the parties to the conflicts in each stage were studied. These reactions converted the initial verbal and legal disputes into a military struggle. In this regard, related historical resources based on the stairway model of interests/ rights/ power of Fisher and based on “Fuzzy Analysis method” were read out in the frame of interpretive historical sociology. After coding the historical documents and estimating the membership numbers of the fuzzy-set “agents depend on the highly costly process of conflict resolution”, it was found that the parties gradually used five types of methods, including the highly costly processes of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 0.9 and 1. Different major weaknesses in decision-making such as lack of holistic view and adequate information, lack of alternative and fair solutions, and wrongful trust led to this disaster.

This study examines the history of animal domestication, nomadic tribes’ development, and factors influencing them in Central Zagros according to the archaeological and anthropological studies of Neolithic to Islamic eras. Besides, the migrational tribes of western Zagros, specially the tribes of Kermanshah, Eslam - Abad, Shirvan-Chardavol, Aivan, and other tribes of the southern parts of Ilam province, which reside there in hot seasons, are introduced. Through thousands of years, these connections and peaceful coexistence coexistence have led to cultural exchange in the Central Zagros region. Tribe ways, migration roads, and architecture of their homes are also investigated.

Sumerian tablets are the oldest clay tablets known to exist, dating back to the mid-4th millennium BC. Babylonians have also inscribed upon clay tablets, and kept them in their organized libraries. The excavation of ancient Elba (Tell Mardikh) located in the south west of Aleppo (Halab) city, Syria, uncovered the remains of an important library. Another collection was discovered at Ras Shamra near Latakia, Syria; wich contained several deposits of cuneiform clay tablets written in Ugaritic. The library at Ugarit held an important piece of thousand - year innovation of the Middle East. On excavation of Hattusa, the major city of Hittites situated in Anatolia, (Turkey), thousands of clay tablets were found. Through centuries, the librarians of this library employed skills from other libraries of the Middle East, and found out how to inscribe their desired tablet. Thereafter, the royal library of Ashurbanipal was found in the archaeological site of Kouyunjik near the city of Mosul in Iraq. In relation to the libraries of Egypt, it should be noted that the oldest Egyptian literary works arose from the temples describing the basis of religion, which were and kept in the library or document archive of the temples. The other archive is the treasury of Persepolis, which is one of the oldest archives located in Iran.